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taiwanese [2012/09/09 01:17]
monkeypuzzle [Phrases] 		taiwanese [2012/09/19 20:57]
monkeypuzzle [Numbers]
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 This is one of the most difficult parts of Taiwanese. This is one of the most difficult parts of Taiwanese.
  
-There are 7 tones (historically 8, but now the 6th tone is the same as the 2nd tone). Every syllable has a tone of its own, but due to a phenomenon called tone sandhi, you must pronounce a syllable with an altered tone if it is not the final syllable of your uttering (so, most of the time).+There are 7 tones (historically 8, but now the 6th tone is the same as the 2nd tone). Every syllable has a tone of its own, but due to a phenomenon called **tone sandhi**, you must pronounce a syllable with an altered tone if it is not the final syllable of your uttering, which is most of the time.
  
 ^  Tones  ^^^ ^  Tones  ^^^
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 <box 100% jb_smallnote|Personal notes> <box 100% jb_smallnote|Personal notes>
  
-Learning tones is hard enough. How does one even start learning tone sandhi? All I can say is that, with enough practice, every tone comes to have a little personality of its own. Tone sandhi is about how tones behave when they are squeezed between other syllables. So tones 1, 5, 7 seem to get "depressed" with sandhi, while tone 2 "disappears" and tone 3 "becomes forceful".+Learning tones is hard enough. How does one even start learning tone sandhi? It is hard to get used to the fact that the original tone of a syllable simply isn't pronounced most of the time. All I can say is that, with enough practice, every tone comes to have a little personality of its own. Tone sandhi is about how tones behave when they are squeezed between other syllables. So tones 1, 5, 7 seem to get "depressed" with sandhi, while tone 2 "disappears" and tone 3 "becomes forceful".
  
 Tones 4 and 8 have the strangest behaviour. 4 is a "depressed" tone that gets "all high", and tone 8 is just the opposite: it's "all worked up" but in the middle of a sentence it gets "depressed". Tones 4 and 8 have the strangest behaviour. 4 is a "depressed" tone that gets "all high", and tone 8 is just the opposite: it's "all worked up" but in the middle of a sentence it gets "depressed".
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 | Ta̍k-ke hó      | 逐家好  | (To a group of people) Hello  | <fs x-small>Despite the resemblance, **ta̍k-ke** is not related to the Mandarin 大家. The final k in **ta̍k** gives it out -- 大 doesn't end in a consonant in any dialect.</fs> | | Ta̍k-ke hó      | 逐家好  | (To a group of people) Hello  | <fs x-small>Despite the resemblance, **ta̍k-ke** is not related to the Mandarin 大家. The final k in **ta̍k** gives it out -- 大 doesn't end in a consonant in any dialect.</fs> |
 | Chia̍h-pá%%--%%bōe  | 吃飽未？ | //A common greeting//         | <fs x-small>Literally "have you eaten?", but actually a greeting, so don't think you are being invited to eat!</fs>  | | Chia̍h-pá%%--%%bōe  | 吃飽未？ | //A common greeting//         | <fs x-small>Literally "have you eaten?", but actually a greeting, so don't think you are being invited to eat!</fs>  |
 +| Gâu-chá!   | Gâu-早！    | Good morning                         |   |
 +| To-siā   | 多謝    | Thank you                         |   |
 +| Bē   |     | It's nothing. You're welcome.                         |   |
 +| Pháiⁿ-sè | 歹勢 | I'm sorry |   |
 +| Sit-le̍ | 失禮 | I'm very sorry |   |
 +
 +=== Talking about language ===
 +
 +^     Taiwanese     ^  Characters  ^      English      ^        Notes      ^
 +| Che Tâi-oân-ōe beh án-chóaⁿ kóng? | 這台灣話beh án-chóaⁿ講?  | How do you say this in Taiwanese? |  |
 +| Góa thiaⁿ bô | 我聽無 | I don't understand | |
 +| Chhiáⁿ kóng khah bān leh | 請講較慢leh | Please speak more slowly | |
 +| Chhiáⁿ koh kóng chi̍t-pái | 請koh講一pái | Please say that again | |
 +| Chhiáⁿ siá%%--%%lo̍h-lâi | 請寫落來 | Please write it down | |
  
 ===== Grammar ===== ===== Grammar =====
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 <WRAP indent> <WRAP indent>
-**Che sī toh-á.**+**Che sī toh-á.**\\
 This is a table. This is a table.
  
-**He sī bîn-chhn̂g.**+**He sī bîn-chhn̂g.**\\
 That is a bed. That is a bed.
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
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 <WRAP indent> <WRAP indent>
-**I m̄-sī Tân sian-siⁿ.**+**I m̄-sī Tân sian-siⁿ.**\\
 He isn't Mr. Tân(陳). He isn't Mr. Tân(陳).
  
-**Góa m̄-sī Ji̍t-pún-lâng.**+**Góa m̄-sī Ji̍t-pún-lâng.**\\
 I'm not Japanese. I'm not Japanese.
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
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 (p. 48 台湾語会話) (p. 48 台湾語会話)
 +
 +==== The particle e(兮) ====
 +
 +==== Ability and permission ====
 +
 +Both **ē-sái** and **ē-tàng** mean **being able to**.
 +
 +**ē-sái** expresses that circumstances allow for something, while **ē-tàng** 
 +expresses that authorization exists to do something. Not all speakers do this distinction, though.
 +
 +The negation of these expressions are **bē-sái** and **bē-tàng**.
 +
 +When politely requesting authorization, use **kám ē-sái**.
 +
 +<WRAP indent>
 +**Chia kám ē-sái chia̍h-hun?**\\
 +Can I smoke in here?
 +
 +**Ē-sái**\\
 +Yes, you can.
 +
 +**Bē-sái**\\
 +No, you can't.
 +</WRAP>
 +===== Vocabulary =====
 +
 +=== Terms of address ===
 +
 +^ Taiwanese ^ Characters ^ English ^ Notes ^
 +| Sin-seⁿ/Sian-siⁿ | 先生  | Sir | <fs x-small>Used to call the attention of a man</fs> |
 +| Sió-chiá | 小姐  | Lady | <fs x-small>Used to call the attention of a woman</fs> |
 +| O-jí-sáng |  | Sir  | <fs x-small>Used to address a middle-aged man. From Japanese おじさん.</fs> |
 +| O-bá-sáng/A-sáng |  | Lady  | <fs x-small>Used to address a middle-aged woman. From Japanese おばさん.</fs> |
 +| A-kong | 阿公 | Sir, grandpa | <fs x-small>Used to address an elderly man or your grandfather.</fs> |
 +| A-má | 阿媽 | Lady, grandma | <fs x-small>Used to address an elderly woman or your grandmother.</fs> |
 +| Thâu-ke | 頭家 | Boss, manager, owner of a business |  |
 +| Thâu-ke-niû | 頭家娘 | (Female) boss, manager, owner of a business |  |
 +
 +=== Adjectives ===
 +
 +== Size ==
 +
 +^ Taiwanese ^ Characters ^ English ^
 +| tōa | 大 | big |
 +| tiong | 中 | middle |
 +| sió | 小 | small |
 +| sè | 細 | small, tiny |
 +
 +=== Names of places ===
 +
 +^ Taiwanese ^ Characters ^ English ^
 +| Ke-lâng | 基隆, 雞籠 | Keelung |
 +| Tâi-pak | 台北 | Taipei |
 +| Thô-hn̂g | 桃園 | Taoyuan |
 +| Sin-tek | 新竹 | Hsinchu |
 +| Biâu-le̍k | 苗栗 | Miaoli |
 +| Tâi-tiong | 台中 | Taichung |
 +| Lâm-tâu | 南投 | Nantou |
 +| Chiong-hòa | 彰化 | Changhua |
 +| Hûn-lîm | 雲林 | Yunlin |
 +| Tâi-lâm | 台南 | Tainan |
 +| Ka-gī | 嘉義 | Chiayi |
 +| Ko-hiông | 高雄 | Kaohsiung |
 +| Phêⁿ-ô͘ | 澎湖 | Penghu |
 +| Pîn-tong | 屏東 | Pingtung |
 +| Tâi-tang | 台東 | Taitung |
 +| Hoa-lian | 花蓮 | Hualien |
 +| Gî-lân | 宜蘭 | Yilan |
  
 ===== Numbers ===== ===== Numbers =====
  
-1 chi̍t +==== 1-10 ==== 
-2 nn̄g + 
-3 saⁿ +^ Number ^ Taiwanese ^ 
-4 sì +| 1 | chi̍t | 
-5 gō͘ +| 2 | nn̄g | 
-6 la̍k +| 3 | saⁿ | 
-7 chhit +| 4 | sì | 
-8 poeh +| 5 | gō͘ | 
-9 káu +| 6 | la̍k | 
-10 cha̍p+| 7 | chhit | 
 +| 8 | poeh | 
 +| 9 | káu | 
 +| 10 | cha̍p | 
 + 
 +==== 11-30 ==== 
 + 
 +^ Number ^ Taiwanese ^ 
 +| 11 | cha̍p-it | 
 +| 12 | cha̍p-jī | 
 +| 13 | cha̍p-saⁿ | 
 +| 14 | cha̍p-sì | 
 +| 15 | cha̍p-gō͘ | 
 +| 16 | cha̍p-la̍k | 
 +| 17 | cha̍p-chhit | 
 +| 18 | cha̍p-poeh | 
 +| 19 | cha̍p-káu | 
 +| 20 | jī-cha̍p | 
 +| 21 | jī-cha̍p-it | 
 +| 22 | jī-cha̍p-jī | 
 +| 23 | jī-cha̍p-saⁿ | 
 +| 24 | jī-cha̍p-sì | 
 +| 25 | jī-cha̍p-gō͘ | 
 +| 26 | jī-cha̍p-la̍k | 
 +| 27 | jī-cha̍p-chhit | 
 +| 28 | jī-cha̍p-poeh | 
 +| 29 | jī-cha̍p-káu | 
 +| 30 | saⁿ-cha̍p | 
 + 
 +Notes: notice 11 is **cha̍p-it** even though 1 is **chi̍t**, and 12 is **cha̍p-jī** even though 2 is nn̄g.  
 +Notice, too, that that 20 is **jī-cha̍p** even though 2 is **nn̄g**. 
 + 
 +==== Multiples of ten ==== 
 + 
 +^ Number ^ Taiwanese ^ 
 +| 20 | jī-cha̍p | 
 +| 30 | saⁿ-cha̍p | 
 +| 40 | sì-cha̍p | 
 +| 50 | gō͘-cha̍p | 
 +| 60 | la̍k-cha̍p | 
 +| 70 | chhit-cha̍p | 
 +| 80 | poeh-cha̍p | 
 +| 90 | káu-cha̍p | 
 + 
 +Notes: notice that 20 is **jī-cha̍p** even though 2 is **nn̄g**. Otherwise, all multiples of ten are regular. 
 + 
 +==== Multiples of one hundred ==== 
 + 
 +^ Number ^ Taiwanese ^ 
 +| 100 | chi̍t-pah | 
 +| 200 | nn̄g-pah | 
 +| 300 | saⁿ-pah | 
 +| 400 | sì-pah | 
 +| 500 | gō͘-pah | 
 +| 600 | la̍k-pah | 
 +| 700 | chhit-pah | 
 +| 800 | poeh-pah | 
 +| 900 | káu-pah | 
 + 
 + 
 +==== Multiples of one thousand ==== 
 + 
 +^ Number ^ Taiwanese ^ 
 +| 1000 | chi̍t-chheng | 
 +| 2000 | nn̄g-chheng | 
 +| 3000 | saⁿ-chheng | 
 +| 4000 | sì-chheng | 
 +| 5000 | gō͘-chheng | 
 +| 6000 | la̍k-chheng | 
 +| 7000 | chhit-chheng | 
 +| 8000 | poeh-chheng | 
 +| 9000 | káu-chheng |
  
 ===== Difficulties of learning Taiwanese ===== ===== Difficulties of learning Taiwanese =====
taiwanese.txt · Last modified: 2012/11/03 00:44 by monkeypuzzle

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